PHYTOCHEMICAL AND SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE LEAF OF OCHNA RHIZOMATOSA (VAN TIEGH.) KEAY [OCHNACEAE]
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ABSTRACT
The extract of the leaf of Ochna rhizomatosa (van Tiegh.) Keay [Ochnaceae], a plant used in the treatment of malaria in Northern Cameroun, was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The result revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, fatty acids, proteins and saponins. Alkaloids were however absent. Column chromatography of the methanol fraction of water insoluble portion of the extract afforded compound MNC and BND. One of the eluents from the column with two spots was further subjected to gel filtration using sephadex LH20 which resulted in the isolation of BNF and more of compound MNC. The structure of these compounds were elucidated using chemical tests, spectroscopic techniques (NMR) and by comparison with reference data. MNC was identified to be a triflavonoid compound. BND was identified to be a Catechin, with IUPAC name 2-(3, 4- dihydroxy-phenyl)- chroman-3,5,7-triol and BNF was identified to be a biflavone (Ochnaflavone derivative). The acute toxicity test gave an LD50 value of 86 mg/kg. Result of blood schizonticidal activity of acetone extract in suppressive test gave percent parasitaemia inhibition activity of 40.0%. While the curative test gave a dose dependent percent parasitaemia inhibition activity, highest at the highest dose administered (46.44%). The acetone extract as well as one of the isolated compounds (MNC) were also screened for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion methods. The organisms tested were clinical isolates of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, C. ulcerans, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, S, typhi, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonae, C. albicans, C. ibrusei, and C. tropicalis. The extract and the pure compound inhibited the growth of all the microbes tested except S. pyogenes, C. ulcerans, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and C. ibrusei. Both viii the crude extract and compound MNC had good activity with mean zone of inhibition > 18mm (> 27mm for compound MNC and > 23mm for the crude acetone extract). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude extract and compound MNC were accessed using the broth dilution methods. Both had low MIC values though the pure compound (MNC) had lower value (12.5µg/ ml for compound MNC and an average of 15mg /ml for the crude). The low MIC value suggests that the compound and the crude extract possess good antimicrobial activity, considering that compounds with MIC values less than 100µg / ml are regarded as having strong antimicrobial activity. The minimum bacterial concentration/minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC/ MFC) for the crude and the pure compound were 60 mg/ml and 100µg/ml respectively. The use of O. rhizomatosa as an antimalarial and for wound healing thus has scientific basis.
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Chapter One: Introduction
